Benefits of Eggshell Membrane for Dogs

If you’re looking for a natural way to keep your dog’s joints healthy and ease their aches, eggshell membrane might be the solution. This unique supplement, derived from the thin lining inside eggshells, is packed with nutrients that support joint cartilage, reduce inflammation, and even promote a healthy coat. Senior dogs with arthritis and active pups alike can benefit from this natural joint support for dogs. In this article, we’ll break down exactly what eggshell membrane is, the key compounds it contains, and the research-backed health benefits of eggshell membrane for dogs. We’ll also discuss why quality sourcing (like European eggshell membrane) matters, and how to safely give this supplement to your canine companion for the best results.

What is Eggshell Membrane?

Eggshell membrane is the delicate, translucent film you find on the inner surface of an eggshell. If you’ve ever peeled a boiled egg and noticed a thin layer clinging to the shell, that’s the eggshell membrane. Biologically, it sits between the hard outer eggshell and the egg white, acting as a protective barrier. This membrane is mainly made of fibrous proteins and other biomaterials, forming a mesh-like structure. In essence, it’s nature’s scaffold for the developing chick, providing support and allowing nutrients to pass while keeping out bacteria.

For supplement use, eggshell membranes are collected from chicken egg processing (a sustainable way to use egg byproducts) and then dried and processed. Modern extraction methods can separate the membrane without harsh chemicals, preserving its natural nutrients. In fact, some patented processes use only water and mechanical action to gently remove the membrane. The result is a powder rich in joint-friendly compounds. Because it’s a natural part of the egg, eggshell membrane is considered a natural joint support for dogs and has gained popularity as a canine arthritis supplement in recent years.

Quick Facts: Eggshell membrane is 100% natural and sustainable – it repurposes egg industry “waste” into a valuable supplement. By using eggshell membrane, we reduce waste and gain a treasure trove of bioactive nutrients for our pets’ joint health.

Key Compounds in Eggshell Membrane

Eggshell membrane is often called a “multi-collagen” ingredient because it naturally contains a spectrum of beneficial compounds. Scientists have found that it’s primarily made of proteins (around 90%) along with a small amount of natural sugars and minerals. Here are the key compounds in eggshell membrane that make it so effective for dog health:

• Collagen (Types I, V, X): The most abundant protein in eggshell membrane. These collagens are also major building blocks of cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and skin. Collagen provides structure and strength to joint tissues, helping maintain cartilage integrity and elasticity.

• Elastin: A stretchy protein that, together with collagen, gives elasticity to tissues. Elastin in the membrane (with unique amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine) helps tissues spring back to shape. This supports flexible joints and resilient skin.

• Hyaluronic Acid: A glycosaminoglycan well-known for lubricating joints and hydrating tissues. Hyaluronic acid acts like a natural joint “oil,” cushioning the joints and facilitating smooth mobility.

• Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate: These are natural components of cartilage matrix found in eggshell membrane. Glucosamine helps build new cartilage, while chondroitin sulfate provides resilience and water retention in cartilage, reducing wear and tear. Together they are common in canine arthritis supplements for maintaining joint structure.

• Lysozyme and Ovotransferrin: Eggshell membrane includes some egg white proteins, notably lysozyme (an enzyme) and ovotransferrin. Lysozyme has antimicrobial properties and may help reduce inflammation. Ovotransferrin binds iron and supports immune health.

• Keratin and Sulfur Amino Acids: Trace amounts of structural proteins like keratin are present, along with sulfur-rich amino acids. These support the strength of hair (coat) and nails, and contribute to the cross-linking that makes collagen and elastin fibers strong.

This rich cocktail of collagens, elastin, GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) and growth factors means eggshell membrane isn’t just one ingredient – it’s a natural complex. All these components work in synergy to support healthy joints, connective tissue, and more in dogs. In fact, studies show that keeping these compounds intact (through gentle processing) is crucial. A natural water-based separation preserves high levels of collagen, elastin, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid, whereas harsh chemical processing can significantly reduce these nutrients. This is why high-quality eggshell membrane supplements emphasize minimally processed, pure ingredient to retain all the bioactive goodies.

Health Benefits of Eggshell Membrane for Dogs

Eggshell membrane has a range of health benefits for dogs, particularly for their joints and connective tissues. Below we detail how this supplement can help with joint health, arthritis pain, tissue repair, skin and coat condition, and overall wellness in senior or active dogs.

Joint Health and Mobility Support

One of the primary uses of eggshell membrane for dogs is to support joint health. The mix of collagen, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin in the membrane directly targets joint cartilage and synovial fluid. Collagen fibers fortify the cartilage structure, while chondroitin and hyaluronic acid improve its elasticity and shock-absorbing capacity. This means the dog’s joints can handle motion and weight with less friction and damage.

Another key benefit is reduced inflammation in the joints. Eggshell membrane contains natural anti-inflammatory agents. Research indicates it can lower levels of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and TNF-α in joint tissues. By dialing down inflammation, it helps relieve joint swelling and stiffness, allowing dogs to move more freely. In fact, a clinical study in dogs with arthritis found that an eggshell membrane supplement significantly improved their mobility and joint function. The dogs showed better ability to rise, walk, and play, as reported by their owners, compared to placebo. Notably, some improvement in mobility and reduction in stiffness was seen as early as one week into supplementation – a remarkably fast response for a joint supplement. This makes eggshell membrane a promising option for dogs struggling to get around due to joint issues.

By protecting cartilage from breaking down and keeping joints well-lubricated, eggshell membrane acts as a true natural joint support for dogs. Over time, it can help maintain cartilage thickness and even show a chondroprotective effect (protecting joint cartilage from degradation). In the same canine study, dogs taking eggshell membrane had a significant decrease in a cartilage breakdown marker (CTX-II) in their blood, suggesting less cartilage wear. This means the supplement isn’t just masking pain – it’s actually helping to preserve the joint structure.

Pain Management in Osteoarthritis

For dogs suffering from osteoarthritis, chronic pain is a major concern. Eggshell membrane can be an effective part of managing arthritis pain naturally. Because it reduces joint inflammation, the pain associated with that inflammation also diminishes. Dogs on eggshell membrane often show less limping and more willingness to engage in activity, indicating their discomfort has lowered.

Scientific trials support its pain-relieving benefits. In a double-blind trial, arthritic dogs given eggshell membrane daily had a notable reduction in pain scores versus dogs given a placebo. Owners reported their dogs were less tender and had an easier time climbing stairs or jumping after supplementing for several weeks. Another placebo-controlled dog study noted improvements in pain interference (how pain affects daily activities) with an eggshell membrane-based joint supplement, leading to better quality of life for the dog.

What’s interesting is how eggshell membrane may reduce pain. Beyond the structural support to joints, it seems to modulate the dog’s inflammatory response. By lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines (like TNF-α which drives pain and swelling), eggshell membrane essentially turns down the “volume” on joint pain signals. Some veterinarians also believe the naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans in the membrane help block pain receptors in the joint nerves, though more research is ongoing. The bottom line is that eggshell membrane can safely complement pain medications by providing a gentle, holistic anti-inflammatory action. Some dog owners have even been able to reduce their pet’s NSAID dosage (with veterinary guidance) after introducing an eggshell membrane supplement, thanks to improvements in pain and mobility.

Soft Tissue and Connective Tissue Recovery

Dogs don’t just have joints – they have a whole network of tendons, ligaments, and muscles (soft connective tissues) that can get strained or injured. Eggshell membrane’s benefits extend to these tissues as well. The collagen and elastin from the membrane provide building blocks for repairing tendons and ligaments. When a dog has a minor tendon injury or a sprain, providing the raw materials for tissue repair can speed up recovery.

Additionally, eggshell membrane has been noted to encourage the body’s own healing processes. In vitro studies show that eggshell membrane compounds can stimulate cells called fibroblasts and chondrocytes to produce new collagen and extracellular matrix. This means it can help kick-start the regeneration of tissues in muscles, tendons, and cartilage. A holistic veterinarian might recommend eggshell membrane after an orthopedic surgery or an athletic injury to aid in the healing phase.

There’s also evidence of eggshell membrane promoting overall tissue regeneration. A biotechnology review highlighted that eggshell membrane seems to promote the regeneration of skin and internal tissues, speeding up recovery from skin, muscle, and tendon injuries. For example, if a dog has a wound or has undergone surgery, the nutrients in the membrane (like growth factor peptides and amino acids) may support faster wound healing and tissue strength as it repairs. While more specific research in dogs is needed, anecdotal reports and related studies are promising. Many pet owners and vets observe that dogs on eggshell membrane supplements tend to bounce back faster from heavy exercise or minor injuries, likely due to these regenerative benefits.

Skin and Coat Benefits (Collagen Support)

Healthy skin and a shiny coat are outward signs of a dog’s well-being. The same collagen and elastin that support joints are also crucial for skin elasticity and coat strength. Eggshell membrane’s components can contribute to a healthier skin barrier and more lustrous fur.

Collagen is a major structural protein in the dermis (the deep layer of skin). By providing additional collagen precursors and associated nutrients, eggshell membrane may help maintain skin elasticity and hydration. Dog owners have reported improvements in their pet’s coat condition after a few weeks of supplementation – often noting softer, fuller fur and reduced itching or dryness. This makes sense because a well-nourished skin layer produces stronger hair. The presence of sulfur-containing amino acids and keratin in eggshell membrane could also directly benefit hair (fur) quality, as these are used to build hair shafts.

Supplement industry data backs up these observations. One eggshell membrane pet supplement formula (developed in Europe) was specifically designed to improve joint health and coat quality in pets, with reported results of strengthened skin and glossier coats. The glucosamine and chondroitin in the membrane not only cushion joints but also help skin retain moisture, which can reduce dandruff and irritation. Moreover, the naturally occurring lysozyme might support skin health by controlling certain bacteria that could cause skin issues.

In senior dogs or those with skin allergies, eggshell membrane might offer a supportive role by improving the skin’s resilience. It’s not a cure for dermatological problems, but by enhancing the underlying health of skin structure (through collagen, elastin, and GAGs), it can complement other treatments. Think of it as providing the “building materials” the body needs to maintain a supple skin and a thick, healthy coat from the inside out.

Senior Dog Wellness and Athletic Recovery

Whether you have a gray-muzzled senior or a high-energy canine athlete, eggshell membrane can support their musculoskeletal wellness.

For senior dogs, the biggest benefits are in mobility and comfort. Aging dogs often develop osteoarthritis, losing cartilage in the joints and suffering increased inflammation. By supplying collagen and protective glycosaminoglycans, eggshell membrane helps counteract some of that age-related joint degeneration. Seniors on this supplement often show a pep in their step: they may take longer walks, struggle less to rise, and generally seem more comfortable during daily activities. Importantly, improving joint function can also uplift a senior dog’s mood and quality of life – owners frequently report their older dogs becoming more playful again after a few weeks of eggshell membrane supplementation, likely because moving is less painful. Clinical research has noted improved quality of life scores in dogs with suboptimal joint function when on eggshell membrane, which is a big win for our beloved older pets.

For athletic dogs or those involved in vigorous activities, eggshell membrane offers support in recovery and injury prevention. High-impact exercise can generate oxidative stress and microscopic damage in joint tissues. The membrane’s high antioxidant capacity (reported to be even greater than green tea in one analysis) helps neutralize the free radicals produced during intense exercise. This antioxidant protection means less inflammation and quicker muscle/joint recovery after workouts or agility training. Additionally, by strengthening cartilage and connective tissues, eggshell membrane may make injuries less likely. A well-supported joint is less prone to strains. Some agility dog trainers include eggshell membrane as part of their dogs’ regimen to help them recover faster after competitions and maintain flexibility.

Overall, eggshell membrane is a versatile supplement that can benefit dogs at both ends of the age and activity spectrum. It provides the foundational nutrients for joint and tissue health that seniors lack and that athletes deplete. By reducing pain and improving mobility, it helps senior dogs stay active; by enhancing recovery and resilience, it helps young active dogs stay in top form. In both cases, it contributes to a happier, healthier life for the dog.

Sourcing and Quality: Why Origin Matters

Not all eggshell membrane supplements are created equal. The way eggshell membrane is sourced and processed can greatly affect its purity, safety, and effectiveness. Here’s why you should pay attention to where that eggshell membrane in your dog’s supplement comes from:

Global Sources (USA, Europe, Asia, etc.): Eggshell membranes are sourced from chicken eggs worldwide. Major producers are in the USA (where the ingredient was first popularized), Europe (especially Spain), as well as parts of Asia and South America. In the USA and Europe, eggshell membrane intended for supplements usually comes from eggs that were inspected and approved for human consumption (food-grade eggs). This means they’re from healthy hens and free of diseases like Salmonella. European eggshell membrane, in particular, often adheres to strict EU feed/food standards for traceability and hygiene. For example, the European Food Safety Authority reviewed an egg membrane ingredient and deemed it safe as a food supplement at 450 mg/day for adults, reflecting a high confidence in its safety when properly produced. European manufacturers also must label the product as an egg derivative (due to allergen regulations) – a sign of transparency and consumer safety.

In contrast, sourcing from regions with less oversight could mean lower quality. If the eggs weren’t handled under rigorous sanitary conditions, there’s a risk of contamination. Moreover, differences in how the membrane is extracted come into play. Some manufacturers use chemical processing (such as strong acids, bases, or solvents) to separate and dissolve the membrane. While effective for extraction, these harsh methods can degrade sensitive nutrients. As noted earlier, a chemically processed sample of eggshell membrane had much lower collagen and hyaluronic acid content compared to a gently processed sample. Chemicals might also leave residues if not thoroughly removed.

Quality Control and Purity: Reputable suppliers will use enzymatic or mechanical extraction methods. A leading Spanish manufacturer, for instance, patented a water-based separation technique that uses no chemical solvents. This method preserves the native structure of the membrane’s proteins. The resulting product (often labeled under brand names like NEM® in the US or Ovomet® in Europe) is very pure – typically >90% protein with minimal additives. High purity means you’re getting mostly the active eggshell membrane itself, not fillers.

Quality-controlled eggshell membrane supplements undergo testing for things like bacterial counts, heavy metals, and consistent composition of key nutrients. Look for products that mention GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) certification or similar quality standards. A trustworthy product will also specify the origin of the ingredient. For example, “eggshell membrane produced in Spain under EU standards” or “made from U.S. sourced eggshell membrane” gives you confidence in its background. Some of the top research on eggshell membrane has been done with these branded ingredients, which are produced with tight quality control and supported by clinical trials.

Another aspect of quality is standardization. Because eggshell membrane is a natural product, the exact content of collagen or other molecules can vary. The best suppliers standardize their product to ensure each batch has a minimum level of certain key components (e.g., guaranteeing a certain percentage of collagen or specific amino acids). This means each dose your dog gets is consistent in potency.

Why EU-Sourced Membrane? Europe (and Spain in particular) has become known for high-quality eggshell membrane production. Under EU regulations, every batch can be traced back to the eggs it came from, and there is careful monitoring to ensure no contaminants or illegal substances. The EU approval of an eggshell membrane as a novel food came only after rigorous safety and efficacy documentation. Choosing an eggshell membrane from an EU supplier can thus offer peace of mind about safety. Additionally, European producers tout that their ingredient achieves therapeutic benefits at a lower dose – as low as 300 mg per day – thanks to preserving all the active compounds. This is a testament to quality: when the ingredient is potent, you don’t need as much to get results.

In summary, look for eggshell membrane supplements that clearly state their source and processing method. Opt for those made in regulated environments (USA, Canada, EU, etc.) and with chemical-free extraction. High-quality sourcing ensures your dog gets the full benefits of eggshell membrane without unwanted extras.

Dosage, Formulations, and Best Practices

Once you’ve decided to add eggshell membrane to your dog’s regimen, how do you do it correctly? Here we cover the common forms this supplement comes in, how much to give, and tips for safe use.

Available Forms: Eggshell membrane for dogs is available in several formulations, so you can choose what suits your pet best:

• Powder: A fine powder (often pale off-white) that can be sprinkled onto your dog’s food. This pure form is easy to mix into wet food or a treat paste. Some owners also mix it with a little water or broth to ensure the dog eats it all.

• Capsules or Tablets: These are usually human supplements (since eggshell membrane is popular for people too) but the same product can be given to dogs. Capsules can be opened and sprinkled, or tablets can be given in a treat if your dog will swallow them.

• Chewable Treats: Some pet-focused joint supplements include eggshell membrane as an ingredient in flavored chew treats or soft chews. These are palatable and convenient – the dog thinks it’s a treat, not medicine. One example is a veterinary joint chew that combines eggshell membrane with glucosamine and omega-3s for a comprehensive joint support.

• Combined Joint Supplements: Eggshell membrane is sometimes one component in multi-ingredient joint formulas (with things like MSM, turmeric, etc.). These can come as powders or chews. They’re fine to use, just ensure the eggshell membrane content is sufficient and the product is from a reputable brand.

Suggested Dosage: The optimal dosage can depend on your dog’s size and the specific product. Many canine products provide around 300–500 mg per day for a medium-sized dog as an effective amount. In scientific studies, dogs received approximately 13.5 mg of eggshell membrane per kilogram of body weight per day. This works out to roughly 600 mg for a 45 kg (100 lb) large dog, 270 mg for a 20 kg (44 lb) dog, or about 135 mg for a 10 kg (22 lb) small dog. In practice, you don’t need to be that precise; most supplements are dosed by weight ranges (e.g., a small dog gets half a scoop, a big dog gets two scoops). It’s wise to start at the lower end of the dosing range to see how your dog responds.

What’s impressive is that even at relatively low doses (under 0.5 grams), eggshell membrane has shown benefits, whereas many other joint supplements like plain collagen or glucosamine often require gram-level doses. For instance, one branded eggshell membrane (NEM®) has human dosing of just 500 mg/day, and an analysis by the manufacturer noted that only 300 mg per day can deliver results due to its high bioactivity. So you don’t need to overload your dog – stick to the recommended amount on your product, and it should be sufficient.

How to Introduce It: When adding any new supplement to your dog’s diet, do so gradually. Dosage Titration is a smart approach – begin with a half dose for the first few days, then increase to the full dose. This helps prevent any digestive upset. Most dogs tolerate eggshell membrane extremely well (it’s basically food), but a slow start is always a good idea. You can mix the powder into a strong-tasting food (like canned food or a bit of wet meat) if your dog is picky; the membrane itself has very little taste or smell.

If you’re using a capsule meant for humans, it’s often easiest to open it and sprinkle the contents into your dog’s meal rather than trying to get your dog to swallow the capsule. For chewable products, just follow the feeding instructions on the label (e.g., one chew daily for dogs up to X lbs, two for larger dogs, etc.).

DIY Eggshell Membrane: Some pet owners may wonder if they can get eggshell membrane directly from eggs at home. The answer is yes – in a pinch, you can create your own eggshell membrane supplement from whole eggs, though it’s a bit of a process and the nutritional content might be less concentrated than commercial products. Here’s a safe method to do it:

1. Select fresh, high-quality eggs. Free-range or organic eggs are ideal. Make sure they are not expired and have been handled safely.

2. Cook the egg to remove bacteria. Boil the egg for about 5–10 minutes until the yolk is hard. Cooking ensures any Salmonella or other pathogens are killed, which is important for safety.

3. Cool and peel carefully. Let the egg cool down (you can place it in cold water). Crack the eggshell gently and peel it, trying to keep the inner membrane intact on each shell piece.

4. Separate the membrane. Delicately peel the thin membrane off the inside of the shell. It often comes off in translucent sheets. Remove any bits of shell so you just have the membrane.

5. Dry and grind (optional). You can let these membrane pieces dry out on a clean paper towel. Once dry and brittle, grind them into a powder using a clean coffee grinder or mortar and pestle.

This homemade membrane powder can be sprinkled on your dog’s food. It’s hard to dose precisely, but one eggshell’s membrane per day for a medium dog is a rough starting point. Keep any leftovers refrigerated and use within a couple of days, as it’s not stabilized like commercial powders.

Safety Note: If your dog has a known egg allergy, you should avoid eggshell membrane or consult your vet before using it. Even though the membrane has different proteins than egg yolk or white, trace amounts of egg proteins (like ovalbumin) could be present. Also, always ensure home-prepared membranes are thoroughly cooked to eliminate bacteria. When in doubt, a commercially prepared supplement might be safer due to quality controls.

Combining with Other Supplements or Meds: Eggshell membrane can generally be given alongside other joint health supplements like glucosamine, omega-3 fish oils, or turmeric, since it complements their modes of action. In fact, because it naturally contains glucosamine and chondroitin, it works in synergy with them. There are no known serious interactions with medications; for example, it’s safe to use with NSAIDs or pain medications. Nonetheless, it’s best to inform your veterinarian of all supplements you are giving, especially if your dog has complex medical issues.

Monitoring and Expectations: Give the supplement at least a few weeks to a month to gauge its effect, unless your vet advises otherwise. Some dogs respond quickly (within 1–2 weeks as studies showed), but others may need more time for the benefits to build up. Keep an eye on your dog’s mobility, playfulness, and any signs of pain. Perhaps keep a short journal of their symptoms before and after – this can help you notice improvements that happen gradually. If after 4–6 weeks you don’t see any change, consult with your vet; you might need to adjust the dose or consider other complementary therapies.

The good news is, eggshell membrane is very safe even for long-term use. Research in dogs found no serious adverse effects over the course of supplementation. Dogs stayed healthy on bloodwork and owners reported it was well tolerated. So, if it’s helping, you can continue it as part of your dog’s daily routine much like a multivitamin.

Eggshell membrane for dogs is a promising natural supplement that brings together a powerhouse of joint-friendly nutrients in one package. From collagen to hyaluronic acid and beyond, it supports healthy joints by nourishing cartilage, reducing inflammation, and easing arthritis pain. The benefits don’t stop at the joints – it can aid in tissue repair, improve skin and coat health, and enhance the quality of life for both senior dogs with mobility issues and active dogs in their prime. As an added bonus, eggshell membrane is gentle and derived from a sustainable source, making it an appealing choice for health-conscious pet parents. When choosing an eggshell membrane supplement, remember that quality and source matter. Opt for products with proven purity and preferably those sourced under strict standards (such as European or American manufacturing) to ensure your dog gets the best nature has to offer. Always start with the right dose and consult your vet if your dog has special health considerations. With eggshell membrane as part of their regimen, many dogs are finding it easier to run, jump, play, and simply enjoy life pain-free. It’s heartwarming to see our furry friends stay active and comfortable – and eggshell membrane is proving to be a key ingredient in helping that happen.

FAQs

Is eggshell membrane safe for dogs?
Yes, eggshell membrane is generally very safe for dogs. It’s a natural food-derived product and studies have found no serious side effects in dogs taking it. However, if your dog has an egg allergy, consult your vet before using it, and always use high-quality products to ensure purity.

Can eggshell membrane help dogs with arthritis?
Absolutely. Eggshell membrane has been shown to reduce joint pain and stiffness in arthritic dogs. It supports cartilage and lowers inflammation, which can improve your dog’s mobility and comfort. Many pet owners use it as a supplement for canine osteoarthritis with positive results.

How much eggshell membrane should I give my dog?
The dose can vary by your dog’s weight and the product. A common effective dose is around 10–15 mg per kg of body weight per day. For a medium dog (~20 kg), this is roughly 200–300 mg daily. It’s best to follow the dosing instructions on a pet-specific product or ask your veterinarian for guidance.

How long does it take for eggshell membrane to work in dogs?
Some dogs experience improvement in as little as one week – for example, less stiffness or a bit more pep in their step. For others, it may take 2–4 weeks to see clear results. The improvements are often gradual, so you might notice more mobility or less limping over time. Consistent daily use is key to getting the full benefit.

Are there any side effects or risks?
Eggshell membrane is well tolerated. Side effects are rare; occasionally a dog might get mild digestive upset (soft stools) when first introduced, but this is uncommon. The main caution is for dogs with egg allergies, as eggshell membrane does originate from eggs and could contain trace egg proteins. Always introduce any new supplement slowly and watch for any adverse reaction, and consult your vet if you have concerns.

References

1. Marimuthu C. et al. (2020). Bioactive Molecule Composition of Natural Egg Membrane Concentrate (NEMC) vs. Soluble Egg Membrane (SEM). Int J Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 16(1): 25–44. (Detailed analysis of eggshell membrane’s composition, showing high levels of collagen, elastin, chondroitin sulfate, glycosaminoglycans, and other proteins in naturally processed membrane)

2. Zhao K. et al. (2021). Avian Eggshell Membrane as a Novel Biomaterial: A Review. Foods, 10(10): 2444. (Comprehensive review of eggshell membrane’s structure and composition, describing its collagen matrix and bioactive components, and discussing its applications in nutraceuticals)

3. Ruff KJ. et al. (2016). Effectiveness of NEM® brand eggshell membrane in the treatment of suboptimal joint function in dogs: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 7: 113–121. (Clinical trial in 51 dogs showing that 13.5 mg/kg daily of eggshell membrane significantly improved joint pain and function within 1 week, with continued benefits over 6 weeks; also demonstrated a protective effect on cartilage)

4. Eggnovo (2023). Eggshell membrane uses and benefits. Eggnovo Blog. (Industry report by a European eggshell membrane manufacturer summarizing the supplement’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. Highlights that eggshell membrane lowers IL-1 and TNF-α levels, stimulates collagen synthesis in skin and joints, and speeds recovery of tendons and muscle)

5. Müller C. et al. (2019). Placebo-controlled pilot study of the effects of an eggshell membrane-based supplement on mobility and serum biomarkers in dogs with osteoarthritis. The Veterinary Journal, 253: 105379. (Pilot study indicating that an eggshell membrane supplement improved mobility and reduced cartilage breakdown markers in arthritic dogs, supporting its use for canine joint health.)

6. Biova LLC (2018). European Commission Novel Food Approval for Eggshell Membrane. (NutraIngredients News Report by W. Chu, Nov 2018). (Announcement of the EU granting Novel Food approval to a specific eggshell membrane ingredient at 450 mg/day, noting its rich content of collagen, elastin amino acids, glucosamine, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid, and requiring allergen labeling for egg origin)

7. Benson KF. et al. (2012). Effects of Natural Eggshell Membrane (NEM) on cytokine production in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Medicinal Food, 15(4): 360–366. (In vitro study demonstrating NEM’s anti-inflammatory activity, including the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α after simulated digestion, which supports eggshell membrane’s role in reducing inflammation).

8. Comblain F. et al. (2016). Review of dietary supplements for the management of osteoarthritis in dogs. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap., 39(1): 1–15. (Literature review that includes eggshell membrane among emerging nutraceuticals for canine osteoarthritis, noting early evidence of efficacy and safety in improving joint comfort and function in dogs.)